More from Nouriel Roubini

My daughter Shanti directed me to this post of Nouriel Roubini. She also said that I should read the IMF report mentined in the post, but I have not read it so far. Shanti worked in IT for five years and is now taking courses in economics.

Another cool one from Sudhir Venkatesh

Quote from a comfort worker from How the financial crisis affects the oldest profession (via 3quqrksdaily):
"They are going to come back. I mean, c'mon, it's Wall Street! These guys are never out of the game for that long. That's what's so great about what I do. If you can keep your cool, it's pretty rare that you lose money. Just make sure you keep the man happy."

A Sehwag anecdote from Warne

From The Age:
"WARNE also tells a funny story about Indian batsman Virender Sehwag, one told to him by Englishman Jeremy Snape while Warne and Snape were working together in the IPL. Warne said Sehwag and Snape were batting for Leicestershire against Middlesex when Abdul Razzaq started reverse-swinging the ball in the way that the Pakistan bowlers do. Writes Warne: "Sehwag came up to Snape and said, 'We must lose this ball. I have a plan'. Next over, he whacked that ball clean out of the ground, forcing the umpires to pick another from the box that would obviously not reverse straight away. To which Sehwag said, 'We are all right for one hour'." Noted Warne: "Smart, I say.""

Bill Moyers interviews Andrew Bacevich

Bacevich: The Limits of Power (from 'The Big pictue')'. Flavour of the opinions (with which I am much in agreement) from this one quote:
"BILL MOYERS: Here is one of those neon sentences. Quote, "The pursuit of freedom, as defined in an age of consumerism, has induced a condition of dependence on imported goods, on imported oil, and on credit. The chief desire of the American people," you write, "is that nothing should disrupt their access to these goods, that oil, and that credit. The chief aim of the U.S. government is to satisfy that desire, which it does in part of through the distribution of largesse here at home, and in part through the pursuit of imperial ambitions abroad." In other words, you're saying that our foreign policy is the result of a dependence on consumer goods and credit."
There are several articles by Andrew Bacevich in Tomdispatch

Robert Feinman explains the financial crisis

The Crisis Explained - Really:
"Analogies are never perfect, but here's one using horse racing. Don't expect a perfect correspondence to the banking situation, but I think it is close enough for government work.
Joe goes to the track and bets $2 on a horse.

Two guys standing nearby get into a discussion and Fred says to Sam, "I'll bet you $5 that Joe wins his bet."
Next to them are Bill and Bob. Bill says: "I'll bet you $10 that Fred welshes on his bet if he loses."

Next to them is Sally. Sally says: "For $3 I'll guarantee to Bill that if Bob fails to pay off, I'll make good on the bet."

Sally then goes to Mary and borrows the $7 needed in case she has to ever pay off and promises to pay back $8. She doesn't expect to every have to pay since she believes Bob will always make good. So she expects to net $2 no matter what happens to Joe.

A quick calculation indicates that there is now 2+5+10+3+7 = $27 riding on the outcome of the horse race.

Question how much has been "invested" in the horse race?

Answer:

$50,000 by the owner of the horse who is expecting to recoup his investment from the winnings of the horse and other future deals. Everyone else is gambling, not investing.

The issue with the home market is that the only "investor" was the person who bought the home. All those engaged in the meaningless derivatives spun off from this are gambling. You can see how quickly the face value of all these side bets can exceed the underlying investment. Who is holding these side bets - not the homeowner? It is the people at the failing investment banks, hedge funds and similar enterprises. Notice that the bailout is being directed at them not the homeowners.

The real world is, of course, even more complicated. Over the last 30 years people have been allowed to place bets on everything starting with the value of stock averages. They might as well bet on the temperature in Newark at 8:00 AM.

So when you hear everybody saying this is a crisis caused by the housing collapse, be skeptical. We are in the midst of a classic pyramid or Ponzi scheme and there is no way out except for people to lose a lot of money. All that is different this time is that it is the taxpayers who are being asked for the cash."

And Dean Baker on the bailout Why Bail? The Banks Have a Gun Pointed at Their Head and Are Threatening to Pull the Trigger:
"In other words, the worst case scenario is that we have an extremely scary day in which the markets freeze for a few hours. Then the Fed steps in and takes over the major banks. The system of payments continues to operate exactly as before, but the bank executives are out of their jobs and the bank shareholders have likely lost most of their money. In other words, the banks have a gun pointed to their heads and are threatening to pull the trigger unless we hand them $700 billion."

What do I know? We paid off the house mortgage and in about ten years, the price went up five times. People around said that I was wasting my resource; I should borrow money on the house and invest. They also said if I do not have at least fifty thousand dollars an year, retirement will be hard. I did not invest since I did not want to get in to some thing which I did not understand and I am getting much less than fifty thousand a year but it seems more than enough to survive comfortably and even send some money for charities. Now the retirement funds are hit and I will probably get less. May be I will grow more vegetables, keep plenty of cash and provisions to ride out a few months of crisis.

Some good news from Australia-Paid Maternity Leave

PM's maternity leave pledge:
"PRIME Minister Kevin Rudd has signalled his support for a national parental leave scheme, after a report recommended that taxpayers fund 18 weeks' leave for working mothers and two weeks for fathers at an annual cost of $450 million.
....
"We are still some ways off resolving the financial policy detail, but what I am saying to you loud and clear today is that this Australian Government believes the time has come to bite the bullet on this and we intend to do so," Mr Rudd said.
.....
The recommendations will now go to public consultation. A final report is due next year. The Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry has already indicated that businesses would not accept them."

Some overviews of the financial crisis

Both from Project Syndicate. Robert Skidelsky in http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/skidelsky9:
"Cycles of economic fashion are as old as business cycles, and are usually caused by deep business disturbances. “Liberal” cycles are followed by “conservative” cycles, which give way to new “liberal” cycles, and so on.
.....
At issue here is the oldest unresolved dilemma in economics: are market economies “naturally” stable or do they need to be stabilized by policy? Keynes emphasized the flimsiness of the expectations on which economic activity in decentralized markets is based. The future is inherently uncertain, and therefore investor psychology is fickle.
.........
Liberal cycles, the historian Arthur Schlesinger thought, succumb to the corruption of power, conservative cycles to the corruption of money. Both have their characteristic benefits and costs.

But if we look at the historical record, the liberal regime of the 1950’s and 1960’s was more successful than the conservative regime that followed. Outside China and India, whose economic potential was unleashed by market economics, economic growth was faster and much more stable in the Keynesian golden age than in the age of Friedman; its fruits were more equitably distributed; social cohesion and moral habits better maintained. These are serious benefits to weigh against some business sluggishness."

Harold James in The Geopolitical Consequences of the Financial Crisis:
"First, private sector solutions have been tried but have failed in a breathtakingly short space of time......The second question is what kind of government can do the job? Not just any government will do. Mid-sized European governments can possibly rescue mid-sized European institutions, but in the case of really major financial conglomerates at the heart of the world’s financial system, there are probably only two governments that have the fire power: the US and China.
....
China is the America of this century. The initial stages of the credit crunch in 2007 were managed so apparently painlessly because sovereign wealth funds from the Middle East, but above all from China, were willing to step in and recapitalize the debt of American and European institutions. The pivotal moment in today’s events came when the Chinese SWF China Investment Co. was unwilling to go further in its exploration of buying Lehman Brothers. CIC’s turning back will be held up in the future as a moment when history could have turned in a different direction." The thesis seems to be that the Great Depression could have been avoided if America stepped in to rescue Europe and now China should step in to save USA and the globalized world economy.
Brad Setser too has been discussing the role of China in the crisis, for example,here:
"China — by far the largest official holder of Agency bonds — also seems to have expressed its concerns directly to the Treasury. Harden and Cha of the Washington Post report that Chinese officials told the US to do “whatever is necessary to protect their investments.”"

Interesting Telugu blogs-1

At one time, I felt that there should be at least that much development in regional languages to communicate everyday matters that we come across in newspapers. But being away from A.P. for 40-50 years, I did not really have the know-how or vacabularly to write in Telugu. I found one dictionary by Baudaraju Radhakrishna written for journalists which I thought would be useful to overseas Telugus. I have been trying to make it available on the internet and it may be available in a few months. Meanwhile, there has been an explosion of Telugu blogs and many of them are writing in Telugu on matters that I thought would be difficult to write. I think that these blogs will help communicating in Telugu on many matters at least up to a certain level of difficulty. I have been visiting Telugu blogs off and on and will slowly point out blogs which I think are communicating relatively difficult(for me) and useful topics in Telugu. Here is one కలగూరగంప . I particularly enjoyed the posts in తొంగి చూసే చరిత్ర series. The blog has a useful list of Telugu equivalents of many English words. The author has several blogs and I vaguely remember than in one of them, he expresses strong beliefs. So, agnostics like may have to be careful.

Review of a Soros book

and an overview of the current financial crisis He Foresaw the End of an Era by John Cassidy in The New York Review of Books. An earlier overview from Harvard Magazine:Debtor Nation, The rising risks of the American Dream, on a borrowed dime
.

Interesting discussion at Space_Bar

I have been trying to follow, not very successfully, this discussion The Spaniard In The Works: Husain's Response. It is about the current US financial crisis in which a number of very erudite Indians are taking part. The post is by Mir Ali Husain, a professor of Business and a lyricist. Many of the commentators seem to be in various professions with some knowledge of finance and some of them seem to have even worked in related professions. Quite a few seem to be interested in poetry. A dominant (I have problems with writing English and one of the commentators ridiculed the knowledge of those who misspell)commentator in the discussion is Falstaff who blogs at
http://2x3x7.blogspot.com/
He seems to be against singling out Wall Street for moral outrage and thinks that without social change, it is difficult to find solutions. This seems right but at the moment Wall Street has the ability to make big mistakes and these affect people all around the world. The amounts invoved seem to be arrived faily casually. See
Bad News For The Bailout which says:
"In fact, some of the most basic details, including the $700 billion figure Treasury would use to buy up bad debt, are fuzzy.

"It's not based on any particular data point," a Treasury spokeswoman told Forbes.com Tuesday. "We just wanted to choose a really large number.""

Coming back to the discussion in Space_Bar's blog, I quote below from one comment of Falstaff which seems reasonable to me:
"I don't believe we can keep these kind of crises from recurring without fundamentally changing the social ethos, and I'm not sure how we do that - beyond working through non-profits to instill greater financial prudence and having a larger conversation about what we value as a society. I know that isn't terribly compelling as a solution, but I think accepting that there is no easy solution is better than randomly assigning blame for it to the first available scapegoat. I'm not saying I know the answers (at this point I don't think anyone does), I'm saying that giving Wall Street a bad name and hanging it is not the answer and to the extent that kind of villain-making derails the real conversations we should be having we need to get past it. I'm perfectly willing to admit that I don't know how to solve the problem, I'm not willing to let overwrought emotional statements that do nothing to bring us closer to the solution go unchallenged."
Falstaff later explains the possible problems with too much outrage:
"Though I'm not sure that misdirecting the blame and creating the illusion that it all happened because Bankers are Sith Lords is likely to lead to any useful solutions either. What it is likely to do is allow the McCain-Palins of the world to advance their anti-elitist agenda. "Look at all these fat cat bankers who screwed you over. You don't want people they went to college with making national policy, do you? No, what you need is to put a maverick in power - people who are outside the system, who are mavericks, who are pure of heart; people who will make decisions based not on the voice of reason but the voice of God." If there's one thing the GOP is good at, it's channeling outrage. And if there's one thing the Bush years should have taught us, it's that outrage is not a useful input into national policy."
In his own blog Falstaff explains the sort of situations where one can express outrage :Ap-Palin-g . I think that Falstaff makes some very good points. Possibly 'moral outrage' is too stong a word. But it seems natural to use strong words for problems which affect a large number of people. Perhaps less shrill discussions?
P.S. There are more comments and a follow up post by Husain.

Another good speech

and shorter from Rep. Marcy Kaptur

Bush gives a good speech

I was not planning to read it but read it following Felix Salmon's recommendation Didn't Panic:
"Whoever wrote this speech deserves some kind of medal. It explained complex matters clearly, without oversimplifying, and without talking down. You want the history of the credit crisis in 355 words? I don't think you could do much better than this....
Of course, one can quibble."
Here is the transcript of the speech President Bush’s Speech to the Nation on the Economic Crisis .

P.S. Already, the link to Felix Salmon's post does not seem to work. Here is the bit from Bush's speech that Felisx Salmon quoted:
"For more than a decade, a massive amount of money flowed into the United States from investors abroad, because our country is an attractive and secure place to do business. This large influx of money to U.S. banks and financial institutions -- along with low interest rates -- made it easier for Americans to get credit. These developments allowed more families to borrow money for cars and homes and college tuition -- some for the first time. They allowed more entrepreneurs to get loans to start new businesses and create jobs.
Unfortunately, there were also some serious negative consequences, particularly in the housing market. Easy credit -- combined with the faulty assumption that home values would continue to rise -- led to excesses and bad decisions. Many mortgage lenders approved loans for borrowers without carefully examining their ability to pay. Many borrowers took out loans larger than they could afford, assuming that they could sell or refinance their homes at a higher price later on.
Optimism about housing values also led to a boom in home construction. Eventually the number of new houses exceeded the number of people willing to buy them. And with supply exceeding demand, housing prices fell. And this created a problem: Borrowers with adjustable rate mortgages who had been planning to sell or refinance their homes at a higher price were stuck with homes worth less than expected -- along with mortgage payments they could not afford. As a result, many mortgage holders began to default.
These widespread defaults had effects far beyond the housing market. See, in today's mortgage industry, home loans are often packaged together, and converted into financial products called "mortgage-backed securities." These securities were sold to investors around the world. Many investors assumed these securities were trustworthy, and asked few questions about their actual value. Two of the leading purchasers of mortgage-backed securities were Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Because these companies were chartered by Congress, many believed they were guaranteed by the federal government. This allowed them to borrow enormous sums of money, fuel the market for questionable investments, and put our financial system at risk."

Digby explains the US financial crisis

Influential blogger Digby in an interview with Glen Greenwald:
" This is a trap that they are - look, this happens all the time. There is a historical pattern that we can turn to, which is that Republicans make a habit of looting the treasury - this isn't the first time it's happened. During the vanted Reagan years, we had the S&L crisis which up 'till this point was the largest since the great depression, which was also a Republican crisis. And the problem is that they fetishize this idea of deregulation, they create shadow banking systems, which is essentially what the S&L scandal was, and again, here we have another shadow banking system, that they created with no regulations, and with this huge amount of exposure and risk, to the economy as a whole. They make a lot of money over a period of time; I mean tremendous amounts of money. Over the last few years, when people look at the wreckage of this particular scandal, they're going to find that people on Wall St. were swallowing a fire hose of money, for years now. We've been talking a lot about the new gilded age - this is what we're talking about. And so, they have this pattern of deregulating and creating these opportunities for themselves to take these huge risks knowing that the government is going to essentially be the bailout of last resort if it doesn't work.

This is the biggest moral hazard in world history, to allow this to happen. And we are having, we wind up again with the gun to our heads, going, well, okay, either fix it, or we're going to take everybody down with them."
Moreover, according to James Grant, there is the problem of 'deficits without tears':
"The dollar emerged at the center of the monetary system that took its name from the 1944 convention in Bretton Woods, N.H. The American currency alone was made exchangeable into gold. The other currencies, when they got their peacetime legs back under them, were made exchangeable into the dollar.
.....and the Nixon administration, on Aug. 15, 1971, decreed that the dollar would henceforth be convertible into nothing except small change. The age of the pure paper dollar was fairly launched.

In the absence of a golden anchor, the United States produced as many dollars as the world cared to absorb. And the world’s appetite was prodigious. “Balance of payments” crises were now, for this country, things of the past. “Liquidity,” that bubbly speculative elixir, gurgled from the founts of the world’s central banks.

It was the very lack of gold-standard inhibition that permitted the buildup of titanic dollar balances overseas. At the end of 2007, no less than $9.4 trillion in dollar-denominated securities were sitting in the vaults of foreign investors. Not a few of these trillions were the property of Asian central banks. So, although the United States has run heavy and persistent current account deficits — $6.7 trillion in total since 1982 — they have been “deficits without tears,” to quote the French economist Jacques Rueff. The dollars American debtors sent abroad America’s creditors sent right back in the shape of investments in American stocks, bonds and factories.

Under the Bretton Woods system, worried foreign creditors would long ago have cleaned out Fort Knox. But, conveniently, the dollar is uncollateralized and unconvertible. America’s overseas creditors hold it for many reasons. Some — notably Asian central banks — acquire dollars simply to help make their exports grow. But even the governments that scoop up dollars for no better reason than to manipulate their own currency’s value presumably put some store in the integrity of American finance.

As never before, that trust is being put to the test. In the best of times, the Treasury and the Federal Reserve pretended as if the dollar were America’s currency alone. Now, in some of the worst of times, Washington is treating its vital overseas dollar constituency as if it weren’t even there."

Gurajada and others

Excepts from Colonial Knowledge and Literary Representations: Construction of Gender Identity in Colonial Andhra by Madan Mohan Rao V:
"In the Telugu writings of the 19th century, we find three recurrent women characters – chaste Hindu wife, bounded widow and the vicious nautch girl. The ‘lot of women’ was, sought to be ‘improved’ through education. They were to be taught child-care, cooking, health care, house keeping, sewing etc[30]. In the literature, marital relationship was glorified, sanctified and it was conveyed in subtle to women to be virtuous, self-denying, sacrificing and serving. Panuganti in an essay titled “Mahapativrata” writes that “the man with brahmaznanamu (knowledge of universal truth) may get moksha (liberation) after fourteen births, but the woman with devotion to her husband and in anticipation of no returns (nishphalapekshamina patibhakti) from her husband could definitely get mukti (attainment) in one birth/life. Further it was stressed that only such a grihini (housewife) was sure of attaining mukti”.[31]
For Kandukuri Viresalingam, the husband was a socially necessary master and without them women had no life. “The husband is to be held as God, since he provides all comforts and caters to the pleasures of the wife; hence she should dedicate herself to his service: if need be, tolerate his anger, abuse and patiently endure even beating and physical violence … the wife should not wear flowers and jewels and should not laugh loudly when the husband is away”. To shape the ‘ideal Hindu patni’ on these lines he started the journal ‘Strihita Bodhini’ and wrote ‘Satyavati Charitramu’, ‘Chandramati Charitramu’, ‘Satya Sanjeevani Patni’ and ‘Hita Suchani’. “At night after entire work was complete, she had to clean up the kitchen, take bath, touch husband’s feet and then mangalsutra and finally to bed” writes Viresalingam. The impact of this idealization was such that a young girl wept after reading ‘Hita Suchani’ for failing in her callings. This took place in 1887 and was narrated by Viresalingam himself in his ‘Sweeya Charitra Sangrahamu’.
..............
But an attempt at altering this discourse can be seen in the writings of Gurajada. Well positioned both in traditional learning and western education, with a vast reading and wide travel, being an active participant in the ongoing spoken language movement, enjoying the liberal patronage of a reformist raja and surrounded by forward looking writer friends and sensible to the contemporary theatre, Gurajada for himself could see the shallowness of the ongoing reform activity and writings. He problematised the whole reformist discourse in –Kanyasulkam- a satirical play. His works are marked with pun, rare sensitivity and deep insights. In a poem a male partner narrates:
“Husband is an old word.

I am your friend,

poor without your love.

But if I have it, I’m

richer than the kings of gods”.
No wonder, his partner was perplexed at this. In essence it’s a double-edged sword. While advocating the relation between partners, it exposes the emptiness of the reformist ideas in practice.
The society in which Gurajada lived could not capture the subtleties of his writings. Moreover his short span of life and meager literary output could not create an influential literary legacy. As a result the subsequent writers could not take this discourse to its logical conclusion. Efforts of Unnava Lakshmi Narayana, Kallakuri Narayana Rao, Jashua and a host of other writers were swamped by the larger discourse that was outlined above. Chalam’s writings created an outburst of violent criticism rather than meaningful debate, which would have set the ball rolling. Writers like Kodavatiganti and Sri Sri who were heavily influenced by the Marxist thought could not address the issue."

Gurajada's meditations on history

I saw this piece in Arudra'a article on Gurajada Apparao in 'Samagra Andhra Sahityam" and also in his article 'sasanaparisodhakulaga Gidugu-Gurajada' in "Marosari Gidugu Ramamurthy". Apparently, it is the notes of his propsed 'Kalinga Desa Charitra". The manuscript seems lost now. At some stage one of his trunks was stolen in Madras station. What remained of his manuscripts were in two trunks and bought by a publishing house which could not edit them due to lack of funds and since the organizerswere underground for a period. The trunks were shifted for a period to Madras(?), since the publishing house owners were afraid that their properties might be burnt. During the off and on efforts to edit, one of the editors took some of the manuscripts home to edit and lost some of them. These are the sort of stories I heard on a trip to A.P. The remaining papers are now microfilmed are in the Govt. Archives in Hyderabad with copies in Tirupati and Visakhapatnam. The manuscript of the "Kalinga desa charitra' seems lost though some keep hoping that it may turn up somewhere. Here are Gurajada's words:

"ప్రాచీన శిధిల భవనాలను, శిల్పాలను, అవశేషాలను చూసినప్పుడు మనం వ్యాకులపడతాము. వ్యాకులముతోపాటు మనకు ఆసక్తి కలుగుతుంది. ఆ వస్తువులచుట్టూ జాలీ, ఆసక్తీ గొలిపే వాతవరణం అలుముకొని ఉంటుంది.
రూపు చెడని కోట కన్నా, రూపు చెడిన కోట, విశేషించి దానికి చరిత్రలో అనుబంధం వున్నప్పుడు, మనకు ఎక్కువ ఆసక్తిని కలిగిస్తుంది. ఊహించుకొందుకు వీలున్నప్పుడు మన ఆసక్తి మరీ ఎక్కువౌతుంది. సహజంగా మనకు కొన్ని ఊహలు పుడతాయి.
కొన్ని వందల సంవత్సరాల క్రితం ఈ కొటలో కొందరు నివసిస్తూవుండేవారు. అనేకుల జీవితాలు వింత వింత అభిరుచులతో, అనుభవాలతో, ఆశలతొ, నిరాశలతో, ఇక్కడ గడిచి పోయాయి. వాళ్ళ కష్టసుఖాలు, సుఖదుఖాలు, ఎటువంటివో. ఇక్కడివాళ్ళు ఒక్కొక్కొప్పుడు అత్యంత ధైర్యోత్సాహాలతొ ఇంకొక్కప్పడు మహాభయాలతో కాలం గడిపి ఉంటారు. జీవితంలో అనేక జయాపజయాలను చవిచూసి ఉంటారు. వీళ్ళ ఆశలతో నిరాశలతో ఆనందంతో విచారంతో ఏ వాతావరణం ఒకప్పుడు నిండివుండేది. ముఖ్యంగా ఇక్కడ నివసించిన చివరితరం మనుషులు ఎక్కువ ఒడిదుడుకులను ఎదుర్కునివుంటారు. అనేక కష్టాలుపడివుంటారు.
ఛారిత్రకంగా వీటి ఉనికి ఏమిటో? "

P.S. I am enclosing the version in English for any advice and corrections.
"praacheena Sidhila bhavanaalanu, Silpaalanu, avaSEshaalanu chuusinappuDu manam vyaakulapaDataamu. vyaakulamutOpaaTu manaku aasakti kalugutundi. aa vastuvulachuTTuu jAlii, aasaktii golipE vaatavaraNam alumukoni unTundi.
ruupu cheDani kOTa kannaa, ruupu cheDina kOTa, viSEshinchi daaniki charitralO anubandham vunnappuDu, manaku ekkuva aasaktini kaligistundi. Uhinchukonduku veelunnappuDu mana aasakti maree ekkuvoutundi. sahajamgaa manaku konni uuhalu puDataayi.
konni vandala samvatsaraala kritam ee koTaloe kondaru nivasistuuvunDeavaaru. aneakula jeevitaalu vimta vimta abhiruculatoe, anubhavaalatoe, aaSalato, niraaaSalatoe, ikkaDa gaDichi pOyAyi. vaaLLa kashTasukhaalu, sukhaduKhaalu, eTuvanTivO. ikkaDivALLu okkokkoppuDu atyanta dhairyOtsAhaalato imkokkappaDu mahaabhayaalaTo kaalam gaDipi unTaaru. jeevitamloe anEka jayaapajayaalanu chavichuusi unTaaru. veeLLa aaSalatoe niraaSalatoe aanandamtoe vichaaramtoe E vaataavaraNam okappuDu nimDivunDEdi. mukhyamgaa ikkaDa nivasimchina chivaritaram manushulu ekkuva oDiduDukulanu edurkunivunTaaru. anEka kashTaalupaDivumTaaru.
Chaaritrakamgaa veeTi uniki EmiToe? "
P.S.2 Archives website:
http://www.apts.gov.in/andhrastatearchives/archives.htm

Temptations of vegetarianism

Chris Blattman: Why, one day, I might become a vegetarian. Maybe. I am almost a vegetarian; I cook meat for the children but eat meat only when there is nothing else in the house to eat.

Kuffir wonders about intercaste marriages

in this post.
In Blogbharti he links to a post by Svairini which may explain some of the mechanisms at work. Here is a long excerpt with apologies to Svairini (I have seen similar things in Coastal Andhra families of other castes, Svairini writes about Iyengars):
"Typical scenario, the family (nuclear also), and its immediate surroundings are seeped in "tradition". Tradition means celebrating every festival with ALL the rituals, no matter how impractical. Every religious occasion - new moon, full moon, crescents in between, month beginning, month end, saturday, tuesday, thursday and all days in between - are observed with appropriate piety. Men and women, supposedly have assigned roles and should stick to them, with..ahem...exceptions.
This is carried to the extreme and results in ridiculous situations! Like the time my aunt me I couldn't join a new job on a pre-set date - it was a Navami (god knows whats wrong with the number 9, other religions praise it!). I had to explain to her that the corporate world works just a tad differently and I better join if I wanted to have a job! Or the fact that my mom insists that dad and I get out of the house first, whenever the family goes out - threes are unlucky, see! I tell my mom she should have planned better - can't estrange herself from my father every 5 minutes to make up!
These things might sound harmless enough, but they are like ivy, creeping up on you slowly, choking the life out of you, slowly...very slowly. There are constant irritants that leave you longing to escape, leave you shaking your head in disbelief. See, its not all backward - thats the most incidious part of the situation. These families educate their women, send them to work even, but still they have to follow TRADITION, no matter how much it harms their lifestyle!
Its not done through coercion, its done through conditioning. For a long time, I beleived that having a period was "unclean"...something to be ashamed of! Biology classes didn't help - this was Madras and no one explained very clearly what was happening. I had to (and still do) sleep separately, on a plank (that has changed now, after some 15 years) with a rexin pillow. I was given water in a separate bottle and had to stick to one chair (only) for 3 days - these things continue even today! I couldn't go into the kitchen (that one I don't do anyways ;-))...I couldn't go near the gods for sure...I couldn't take the food plate from my mom's hands - had to pick it off the floor, no matter I had cramps that left me (and still do) crying out loud! Oh, by the way, I had to bear the pain of those cramps - tablets were considered harmful! Pain that left me confused, bewildered, wondering how my mom couldn't understand my suffering, pain I couldn't share with others - it made me feel guilty."
As they say, read the whole post. Recently, I read a few books mainly by Westerners of different schools on the topic: "Castes of Minds' by Nicholas Dirks, "Colonial Lists" by by Michael Katten. Earlier books (now all in one placs in the Cohn Omnibus" by Bernard Cohn are also very interesting. A book by Richard Eaton "The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760" explains agrarian expansion basis for the spread of religion (Hinduism too spread in this process but much less than Islam at that time, but similar things might have happenned earlier in the spread of Hinduism according to D.D. Kosambi). It is available online from http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/
P.S. Apart from the rituals and traditions within castes and subcastes, I think that one should also bear in mind the interaction or lack of it between different castes. I remember such an interaction from around 1950 when caste was indeliably imprinted in my mind. I was 9 or 10 and my father who was a teacher sent me to stay in the house of another teacher in a different village so that I would not waste the vacation. Thet were very nice and friendly and I used to play with his children and sleep in side by side beds. But for the whole time of about two weeks, I could not eat with them. I had eat in the verandah and take the babnana leaf outside in view of several on a public road to throw it in the garbage. Later, when I studied in Madras, one day a classmate came very upset since Gemini Ganeshan married Savithri from a 'lower' caste. One can only imagine the experiences of the untouchables. Have things improved any since then? If my observations from occasional visits to A,P. are any guide, I do not think that there is much improvement.

It seems that Obama is loosing

one way or the other

Some old Telugu movies

are available online from:
http://www.telugutunnel.com/category/movies/old-movies
I watched 'Palletuuru' which I missed those days. The villages in which I grew up did not have cinema halls and we had to walk 2-3 miles to watch relatively old movies. But we heard lot of the film songs. Others I misses and watched recently are 'Pathalabhairavi' and 'Peddamanushulu'. I am still waiting for 'MLA'. I am not very proficient in either Telugu or English, but I grew up in Telugu villages and the medium of instruction was Telugu. So, the memories of villages and Telugu songs are strong and as I grow older many old songs which I have not heard for 30-40 years seem to come back suddenly. I always carried 3-4 books of Gurajada Apparao and Srirangam Srinivasarao because their Telugu is easy to understand. For some reason, I still count in Telugu and some Telugu seems to have remained strongly with me. So, it was enjoyable to watch 'Palletuuru', particularly the village scenes (it was still chedugudu in the film) and the early songs. Some of the songs have shades of Shankar-Jaikishen and I think that 'Shavukaru' with similar village scenes is a better film.

The Swedish banking crisis response

In long post The Swedish banking crisis response - a model for the future? , Ed Harrison wonders why the Swedish plan is not widely discussed. Conclusion:
"This is an immense task that the Swedes took on. Their entire banking system was effectively insolvent. Yet, they were able to fashion a workout scheme that had bi-partisan political support, did not unfairly reward shareholders, dealt with moral hazard, separated regulatory and workout roles so as to reduce conflicts of interest, and that quickly wrote down valuations and liquidated the bad debts as opposed to dragging the process out. The Swedish authorities should be especially commended for dealing with the liquidity and solvency concerns simultaneously, while keeping moral hazard to a minimum.

I thoroughly suggest you read this memo, save it and pass it on to your local elected official. It should be mandatory reading for the BoE, the Fed, the ECB and key government officials in he UK, US, Ireland, and Spain where the magnitude of the housing bubble is largest. See the link below for the full article.

Why this plan has not been more widely discussed remains a mystery."
(via 'Naked Capitalism')

Gurajada's lost papers

In the introduction to "Girls for Sale", a translation of a part of the second edition of "Kanyasulkam' by Gurajada Apparao, Velcheru says that "Apparao's personal diaries, letters, other papers, all of which he wrote in English, have mysteriously disappeared, except for a few at the Andhra Pradesh State archives, Tarnaka, Hyderabad." I just came to know that many more are available from this year in the Archives with copies in Tirupati and Visakhapatnam.

Another Development Blog

Dani Rodrik recommends this development blog. Thereis a recent post What’s Kerala’s Secret?. Abstract:
"What emerges is a picture of an educated population, able to use whatever they can extract from the state to further the welfare of their families. What is lacking is the long term economic capacity to underpin this. In Jeffrey’s words:

‘Democratic politics, involving large sections of a population, can be made to provide services that people need and, consequently, use. Literate, confident women will, as domestic managers, turn such services into better health for men and women alike. Birth rates will fall. What one yearns for is a further stage in which enough wealth is produced – and politics guarantees its fair distribution – to ensure far higher measures of well-being for all.’"

Interesting books

In an effort to understand a bit about India I have been reading some books (somewhat like imagining that one is travelling by reading travel books). Here ia a partial list of books which I found interesting that I have read or have been browsing through recently. Just finished reading Bernard Cohn's "India: The Social Anthropology of a Civilization", "Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge", Partha Chatterjee's "The Politics of the Governed", Gurajada Apparao's "Kanyasulkam" and its translation "Girls for Sale" by Velcheru Narayana Rao. Browsing through Sanjay Subrahmanyam's "Penumbral Visions", Brian Larkin's "Signal and Noise' and K.V. Ramanaraddi's "Mahodayam". From the last, I learnt that the family name Gurajada was originally Gurujada.

Links September14, 2008

Is export-led growth passe? from Dani Rodrik's blog
Why invest in America? from Trade Diversion
My five minutes of fame from Brad Setser
Going on an Imperial Bender by Tom Engelhardt
Mission-Creep Map from Mother Jones
Enquiry based science education? from SciDev.net
Climate change hot spots from SciDev.net
India Hopes New Fellowships Will Attract Expat Scientists from Sciencemagazine

An organizer in the Bradman class

There is some interest in Telugu sites and Telugu blogs about scientists of Telugu origin. My remembrance is that many were multiligual and multicultural but remembering the origins may help others with their aspirations. In 2004, I wrote a somewhat personal account about Komaravolu Chandrasekharan from Bapatla, a town about 7 miles from Chintayapalem where I finished school. At that time I did not see my friend Raghunathan's excellent article "Artless innocents and ivory-tower sophisticates: Some personalities on the Indian mathematical scene" in this issue of Current Science. It is rather long and if there are any copy right problems, I will remove it. I think that it gives a more objective assessment by one of our best mathematicians. It is difficult to share thoughts or enthusiasm about excellence in specialized fields with others but Raghunathan does it well. Here it is in his own words:
"the people I have spoken about so far are no more. The next person I am going to talk about, K. Chandrasekharan, is living – in retirement in Zurich, Switzerland. He was born in 1920 and was initiated into mathematics by – who else – Ananda Rau in Madras. He went to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton to do postdoctoral work. Chandrasekharan worked in number theory and summability – like many others of his generation. His mathematical achievements are of the first rank, but his even greater contribution to Indian mathematics, I think, lies elsewhere. He was an extraordinarily gifted organizer and administrator of science – in the Bradman class, if we use Hardy’s terminology. Homi Bhabha visited Princeton in 1949 when Chandrasekharan was there and offered him a position at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. There is a story about this which I have not attempted to authenticate, but it rings true.

Chandrasekharan was taking a walk with the great von Neumann when they saw
Bhabha walking with Einstein at a distance. von Neumann asked Chandrasekharan if it was true that he was planning to move to Bombay to work at Bhabha’s institute. When Chandrasekharan responded in the affirmative, von Neumann said, ‘That man is as good a physicist as any, but do not let him intimidate you – stand up to him’, or words to that effect. It would appear that KC as Chandrasekharan was known, followed that advice – differences of opinion with Bhabha seem to have been among the causes that led to his leaving TIFR in 1965 and move to Zurich.

I should like to tell you another anecdote relating to KC, of which I have first-hand knowledge. This again goes back to my Princeton visit in 1966–67. I once accompanied a friend with expensive tastes to a clothing shop in Princeton. My friend ordered a suit for himself, while I acquired a scarf (which cost me 16 dollars – in 1966, mind you!). The shopkeeper who kept up a conversation
right through asked us if we knew, von Neumann and we said that we knew of him. Then he asked us if we knew Chandrasekaran and we told him that we did indeed know him; at which point he said, ‘They are the only two gentlemen from that Institute who knew how to dress!’

In the decade and a half that he spent at TIFR, Chandrasekharan transformed the fledgling School of Mathematics there into a centre of excellence, respected
the world over. Chandrasekharan initiated a very successful programme of recruitment and training of Research Scholars at TIFR; the programme continues to this day, along the same lines that he set down. He was uncompromising in insisting on high standards. In his Princeton days, he became acquainted with many of the leading mathematicians of the world and put these contacts to excellent use. Herman Weyl gifted his collection of Mathematische Annalen volumes to the TIFR, thanks to Chandrasekharan. With his unusual abilities, he was able to persuade many leading
mathematical figures to visit the Tata Institute and deliver courses of lectures
over a period of two months and more, to his carefully selected Research Scholars.
Among the many distinguished men who visited the Tata Institute in the fifties,
two names stand out: L. Schwartz (a Fields medallist) and C. L. Siegel. They both had tremendous influence on the way mathematics evolved at TIFR. Schwartz persuaded many of his colleagues and students to visit the Tata Institute. Research Scholars were asked to write notes for the lectures given and these lecture notes enjoy a great reputation in the mathematical community to this day.

Chandrasekharan was an excellent judge of mathematics even in areas outside his own specialization, and responded quickly to the achievements of his wards. Equally, non-performance at the high level he had set had no place at TIFR. Chandrasekharan managed to instill in the students at TIFR, strong commitment to hard work without their losing their romantic attachment to mathematics. One important reason for
his success was the freedom he gave the students to work on what they pleased. The visitors gave them exposure to different mathematical areas, many of them far removed from KC’s own interests, and students were encouraged to pursue whatever caught their fancy. Rev Father Racine from Madras whom Chandrasekharan knew from his Madras days and whom he held in great respect, provided him with a steady stream of talent......

Chandrasekharan’s influence went well beyond Indian mathematics. For some 24 years from the mid-fifties, he was a member of the Executive Committee of the International Mathematical Union (IMU). He also served as the Secretary for two terms and as President for one term. His initiatives on this committee were numerous and valued greatly. He was responsible for the IMU sponsoring the International Mathematical Colloquium held once every four years at the Tata Institute starting 1956. These meetings have been on diverse topics in mathematics; topics that are of current interest internationally and to which Indian mathematicians have contributed
substantially. They have been a great success over the years and an invitation to the meeting is considered prestigious.

I should like to mention a personal experience in this connection. In 1964, Tata Institute held a Colloquium on ‘Differential Analysis’ and the organizing committee headed by Chandrasekharan extended an invitation to me to give atalk. A few weeks before the colloquium, I was told that I should rehearse my lecture before KC in his office. My teacher Narasimhan was also present at the rehearsal. Chandrasekharan’s own mathematical interests had little to do with the subject of mytalk; nevertheless, he listened to me patiently for more than an hour, interjecting now and then to tell me how I should present something and generally giving me tips on lecturing. I had in those days, a reputation as a poor speaker (which I hope does not hold now) but as it turned out, thanks to Chandrasekharan, I gave a lecture that
was received very well indeed.

In the fifties, Chandrasekharan held the editorship of the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society. During this period, several great papers appeared in the journal thanks to Chandrasekharan’s abilities at persuading some of the great
names in the field to publish there.

We at the Tata Institute certainly owe a great deal to Chandrasekharan and are
grateful for the great start he gave us."

Interesting article by Jonathan Haidt

on WHAT MAKES PEOPLE VOTE REPUBLICAN? leads to very interesting commentaries on truth, science, religion, morals etc by Daniel Everett, Howard Gardner, Michael Shermer, Scott Atran, James Fowler, Alison Gopnik, Sam Harris, James O'Donnell, Roger Schank (via 3quraksdaily). It is the kind of discourse that I have been waiting for. Unfortunately, the punchline may be Roger Schank's:
"Republicans do not try to change voter's beliefs. They go with them. Democrats appeal to reason. Big mistake."

A momentary aberration

From a poetry discussion by space_bar, a quote of Revathy Gopal:

I could match her now, word for word.
I could meet her now, on equal terms. I think
I could draw blood.

('Lines on Meeting a Cousin, Long-Lost'. Revathy Gopal)

Even out of context, as space_bar says, it stands by itself. I think that I have seen this sort of emotion among cousins and sisters (men actually draw blood, I think). I tried to see how to say it in Telugu. Since I do not know any thing about metre, I freely translated thus:

ఇప్పుడు మా అక్కంటె నాకు అంత లెక్క లేదు
దానితో సమానంగా వాదించగలను
దాని వంక చురచురా చూడగలను
కావాలంటే ఒక వాత కూడా పెడతా
Any other versions are welcome.

Martin Wolf on the coming US presidential election

Martin Wolf says in What the presidential choice could mean:
"This presidential election might well determine the character of the next, possibly final, epoch of Anglo-American global hegemony. The question is whether the American people will choose the instinct for conflict or that for co-operation."

Luxury cars and farmers

From Luxury car tax defeated in the Senate; Rudd angry:
"PRIME Minister Kevin Rudd accused the Coalition of pandering to Porsche and Ferrari drivers by blocking a luxury car tax hike......
Senator Fielding said the Government's tax hike would hurt farmers and tourist operators.
"How can you slug them when they are doing it tough," he said."

Browsing through Telugu blogs

I have been trying to find Telugu blogs with discussions about contemporary social and political issues. Many seem to have come up in the last few years.
The two aggregates kindly supplied by Maganti Vamsi and Sirish koodali and jalleda, have led to posts like this, this,this and this. Any links to specific blogs of this type are welcome.

Remembering Fr. Racine

Seeing the obituaries of Henri Cartan I am reminded of Fr. Charles Racine, one of the big influences in the development of modern mathematics in India and started wondering whether his name will be recalled much after some more years and whether I would have done mathematics without him.
I do not remember being interested in mathematics or any thing in school days. I was an average student though I seem to have done well once in mathematics in the ninth grade ( I came to know about it since Umamaheswararao sitting next to me who was usually first in the class tore off his answer sheets). My doing well might have some thing to do with the teacher Paruchuri Sambasivarao and his reputation as a good teacher as well as a womanizer. At one stage, I was too young to get admission in an Engineering college and my father decided that I should do Mathematics Honours since it might help in getting better scores for I.A.S. exams. My date of birth was also adjusted so that I would get four chances rather than the usual three. It was then in 1956 that I joined Loyola College, Madras where Fr. Racine was the Head of the Math. Dept. People loke Ramamathan Krishnan and Akbar Khaleeli were still in the college and we were more fascinated by them than discrepit teachers. Later I learnt that two of the students who were wearing dhotis the Tamil way were Raghavan Narasimhan and C.P. Ramanujam. For some reason, we had once a week a discussion type class by one Krishnamutrthy. I forget his first name but he is the only good teacher I remember from college days and was wonderful teacher. Up to that time mathematics was just manipulations and calculations which I could do some extent but did not find particularly fascinating. Krishnamurthi wore dhoti the Telugu way, wore a cotton jacket and traditional headwear. He was serene, had beatiful handwriting, rarely backtracked his steps on the board and his pace was just right for me. He explained to us about natural numbers, rational numbers, real numbers and why there were more real numbers than rational numbers. For the first time, mathematics seemed to be about things one could understand and not just manipulations. And there were beautiful concepts and arguments like Cantor's diagonal argument and I was converted. I started borrowing books from the library read with partial understanding many books and parts of books outside the syallabus. Some like "Men of Mathematics" indicated that a life of mathematics could be exciting. Two books from those days which I still cherish are Artin's "Galois Theory" and Hausdorff's "Set Theory", the second determined the research direction that I was to take later. I slowly found much of the class material outdated and boring and by next year started cutting classes.

I still did not meet Fr. Racine. Around this time I started growing (nearly ten inches in one year) and found it more and more difficult to attend classes and was thrown out of college. I might have met Fr. Racine around this time but I am not sure. What I remember is that Fr. Racine wrote to my father that I had potential and that I should come back to college, The next year I went to college again but the story repeated ieslf. It was during this time that I used to go to his room in the fathers' quarters, chat about mathematics, borrow books from him. But I had to leave again, I heard that he was unhappy but could not dissuade the authorities.

After a few months at home, I found that the only one I could discuss mathematics was my mother and went to another college where attendance was not strict and after my bachelor's degree, Fr. Racine asked to come again to Madras. This time, the college did not insist on attendance or other protocols. I survived two boring years and joined TIFR, Bombay in 1964 full ten years after finishing school. At last, I could study and work on whatever I liked. Senior colleagues would sometimes go out of their way to study and lecture on topics that I was interested in even when they did not specialize in those areas. I pursued Topology of which I had some glimpses in Hausdorff's "Set Theory". It was only later I found that I was given a wide bearth because many seniors were Fr. Racine's students and there were some requests from him about dealing with me. Since then until recently when social problems started bothering me, it has been a life of mathematics. I do not know how well I did or whether I fulfilled Fr. Racine's expectations but most of the time I did not feel that I was working since I was 'working' on things that interested me. It was also during this period in Bombay I found out about his influence on Indian mathematics. He was in touch with some of the top French mathematicians and some of their latest work was available to him . Through seminars in Madras, he seemed to have influenced many mathematicians like K. Chandrasekharan, Meenakshisundaram others. More of this later. I was probably a difficult case but he did modernize courses as much as possible under the university restrictions. N.U.Prabhu in Probabilty modelling across continents talks of the influence of the mathematics courses on Analysis from the books of De La Valle Poussin and Goursat by Fr.Racine. I found that the mechanics courses taught from the books in early 1900's for British polytechics particularly horrible. When I got to know him, I complained and he immediately gave some notes that he prepared himself which were more in the spirit of Banach's "Mechanics".
His interest in his students continued even after we left Loyola College. Around the end of 1974, I visited France for a few months and before my visit, Fr. Racine wrote to me asking me to say 'hello' to Henri Cartan. Henri Cartan was an institution in France and I duly ignored the advice. One day, I saw an old gentleman near one of the steps outside IHES in Bures sur Yvette, and the gentleman said "You must be Swarup, Racine wrote to me about you". It turned out to be H. Cartan and soon after he translated a paper of mine (which, unfortunately was not a good paper) and published it in Comptes rendus. Here is Ragunathan's description of some of Fr. Racine's contributions:
"Father Racine was born at Tomay-Charente in France in 1897. He enlisted for active service in the First World War in 1916 and was demobilized three years later after an ankle injury that left a limp for the rest of his life. He then entered the Jesuit order and was ordained a priest in 1929. He spent four years studying
mathematics in Paris and obtained a doctorate in 1934. He was sent to India to
work at St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli. He moved to Loyola College, Madras in 1939 and stayed there till his death in 1976, nine years after his retirement in 1967.
Father Racine had worked with Élie Cartan and Hadamard, both legendary figures in mathematics. He counted André Weil and Henri Cartan (another famous mathematician and Élie Cartan’s son) among his friends. With this background, Racine naturally had an excellent perspective on mathematics, which he brought to India with him. He began weaning some Indian mathematicians away from traditional Cambridge-inspired
areas and Minakshi was his first big success; and there was a galaxy of brilliant
students to follow; the list would occupy substantial space in any ‘who’s who’ of Indian mathematics. To mention a few names: K. G. Ramanathan, C. S. Seshadri, M. S. Narasimhan, Raghavan Narasimhan, C. P. Ramanujam.

Father Racine was apparently not an exciting speaker. Students found his classroom lectures difficult to follow. His French accent combined with what amounted to mumbling to the blackboard, made things worse. It was, however, outside the classroom that his influence was decisive. He was remarkably good at spotting talent and then encouraging it. He liked talking informally to his students, especially the talented ones and gave them invaluable advice in their career decisions. Mathematical activity was by no means Father Racine’s sole preoccupation. Apparently, he was a spiritual adviser to the Jesuit community of the college and was engaged in resolving personal problems for the Catholic laity around him. The French government conferred on him the coveted ‘Legion d’honeur’ in 1962. In all the 42 years he spent in India, he made only two trips to France; yet he remained very much a Frenchman. But there can be little doubt that he loved India more than France. I was not privileged to be his student, but remember with pleasure the one long and informal meeting I had with him in the company of my teacher M. S.
Narasimhan. He was an excellent example – by no means unique – of the coexistence of the cassock with a lively disposition."
Ragunathan's article Artless innocents and ivory-tower sophisticates: Some personalities on the Indian mathematical scene appeared in Current Science, 2003 and has a photograph of Fr. Racine. Raghunathan's photo appears in the photo section of this blog.

This made my day

Today is our day to babysit. Soon after Leila came, I went out to smoke (I know, I should give up)and Jhansi said "bad thatha". Leila responded "No, good thatha".

I have been trying nursery rhymes, wiggles etc to put her to sleep but a Telugu song, not exactly a lullaby seems to work best. After a few of other stuff, I try Yedu Kondala Vada. She listens to it once, says 'again' and falls asleep.

Poetry according to Nannechoda

From The Arrow and the Poem by David Shulman:
"An arrow shot by an archer
or a poem made by a poet
should cut through your heart,
jolting the head.
If it doesn't, it's no arrow,
it's no poem."
P.S. A new book by David Shulman Spring, Heat, Rains: A South Indian Diary

"Bridging the divide between science and politics'

Sci.Dev editorial here. Excerpt:
"When SciDev.Net was established seven years ago, it was an article of faith among its founders that developing countries needed better ways to incorporate scientific information into their decision-making machinery. Our network and website were seen as ways of making this happen.

This need has been confirmed by one of the largest international studies to examine the interface between science and development policy. The study was commissioned last summer from researchers at the London-based Overseas Development Institute (ODI). The full results have just been published, and are based on responses to an electronic survey of more than 600 scientists, intermediaries and policymakers (see Survey backs intermediaries in science communication)."
The link to ODI report does not seem to work but one can go directly to ODI Working Papers and it is Working Paper no.294: 'Political Science? Strengthening science�policy dialogue in developing countries' by Nicola Jones, Harry Jones and Cora Walsh.

Egalitarianism starts early

Editor's summary in Nature of a recent paper by Fehr and colloborators Cooperation is child's play:
"The way that children interact in specially designed tests (well, games) can illuminate the mechanisms behind human altruism and cooperation. Fehr et al. present evidence that young children's other-regarding preferences (where 'Smarties, jellybabies and fizzers' are the rewards in a sharing game and an envy game) take a particular form — inequality aversion. This behaviour pattern develops between the ages of 3 and 8 years. Aged 3 or 4, most children behave selfishly, while by the age of 7 or 8 the vast majority prefer resource allocations that remove inequality. But if the removal of advantageous inequality involves costly sharing, the egalitarian allocation is chosen less often and children tend to favour members of their own social group. These findings suggest that egalitarianism and parochialism have deep developmental roots."
The summary has links to related papers which need subscription. Nature News also has a summary which does not need subscription Children learn rules of equality by age eight. Excerpts:
"Although this might seem an obvious finding, it's important to confirm anecdotal evidence with experiments, says Matthias Sutter of the University of Innsbruck in Austria, who studies fairness and trust behaviour in children. "Having children myself, I can confirm [that 3-year-olds are selfish]," he says. "But we don't know when the change happens, or the magnitude of the change."

Several other factors influenced how egalitarian the children were. The team found that children without siblings were 28% more likely to share than children with siblings. On the other hand, the youngest children in a family were 17% less willing to share than children who had only younger siblings. Sutter, who is one of five children, thinks these results make sense: "You have to take care that you get some of the pie," he says. "If you're an only child, there's no need for that."

In addition, if children knew that their partner was from the same playgroup or school (an 'ingroup' member), they were more concerned about being fair, and with age this bias increased. This suggests that being nice to people you know – parochialism – is something that develops alongside a sense of equality, says Fehr.

Chimps versus children
The findings are also interesting from an evolutionary perspective, the team suggests. Similar experiments performed on chimpanzees show that the animals aren't willing to provide food for a partner even if it doesn't affect the food they receive2. "Chimps seem not to care about the other's welfare in this game, whereas children at age eight already care a lot, but children at age three care only a little," Fehr says.

Further work along these lines could reveal more about why humans are so bothered about fairness, and the part this has played in building human societies. Without it, says Sutter, "there would be no education, no socialization, no social norms"".

A TedTalk by Sugata Mitra

Can kids teach themselves? (via Bayesianheresy)

Several old Telugu film songs

have been recently uploaded on YouTube. Search under VSVutukuri, Mukkamala2020,
MadhuraGeetalu, TeluguBoss, vjdnld etc. My favourite site for old telugu songs is old Telugu songs. The companion discussion site
has useful comments, particularly by Paruchuri Sreenivas. Some other sites for old (and some new) Telugu songs are:
surasa.net
pathabangaram
chimatamusic
and many more. Videos at saradaga, discussion, songs and videos at జానుతెనుగు సొగసులు . A blog onAnnamacharya Samkirtanalu and one on Natakam. There are many more but these will keep me going for a while.

Sublimal advertising

by Derren Brown from a comment in Found: A Solution to Our Problems!! . More discussion in
Naked Capitalism.

Lalita Mukherjea

passed away a few days ago. Here are a couple of posts randomly selected from her blog:
A caller tune and a story
Sex between sects

Gidugu's birthday

Medepalli seshu from New Delhi just reminded me that today is the birthday of Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty:
"Sri Gidugu Ramamoorty is the grandfather of “colloquial telugu language movement a.k.a vyavaharika telugu bhasha”. He has brought literary prose to the colloquial language. He explained the beauty and ease in the colloquial telugu."
P.S. From The Hindu report:
"The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Commission has asked the district Collectorates and educational institutions to celebrate Telugu Language Day on August 29, coinciding with the birth anniversary of renowned Telugu language scientist Gidugu Ramamurthy."

A mathematical digression

and possibly a platitude. Recently, I discovered Bernard Cohn when I found a relatively cheap copy of his book "Colonialism and its forms of knowledge" in a book shop and found it very interesting. I then borrowed his "An anthrpologist among the historians" from the library and found it even more interesting. Some of the essays there seem to have become bases for later books by people like Nicholas Dirks and in one of the articles he suggests the choice of topics and methodolgy for research which seems cocrete and useful. But there is demand for all three copies of the book in the library and I was asked to return it before reading it completely. While travelling on the train to return it, I tried to see whether I could still think some mathematics which I have not been doing for a while. Surprisingly I could and it was about a couple of problems that I struggled with in the seventies and both solved now. The solutions suggest a conclusion which ia a platitude but it did not come to me naturally.
Both the problems are related to low dimensional topology and group theory. Before the days of Thurston and Perelman that was what most of us were doing. One of the questions is now a famous theorem "finitely generated three manifold groups are finitely presented" proved by Peter Scott in 1972 (independently by Peter Shalen but unpublished) and second is a theorem of Klaus Johannson that certain three manifolds are completely determined by their fundamental groups.
A group is like integers, both positive, negative and zero. Every element has an inverse (negative of it) so that if you add them, you get the identity element zero. Zero is called the identity since if you add it to any element, it does not change it. Any two elements can be added and addition is associative. Gadgets with these properties are called groups. But integers are a bit special in that the addition is commutative; whether you add a to b or b to a, you get the same result. This is because integers are just generated by one element 1, by adding it to itself repeatedly and taking negatives, one gets all the integers. If one takes gadgets like above with some addition operation which is associative, has identity and negatives, it is called a group. In general they are not commutative and if we start with some objects say a,b,c etc and form words freely and their negatives (usually called inverses when multiplicative notation is used) we get what is called a free group on the objects a,b,c etc. If there are n such, it is called free group on n generators and any group on n generators can be got from it by adding some relations. If the number of relations needed is finite (which we may not know before hand) the group is called finitely presented. Finitely presented groups can be represented by finite spaces and are usually more desirable than the complentary ones.
To show that finitely generated implies finitely presented for 3-manifold groups what one expects is a proposition of this type:
Prposition P: If G is finitely generated and indecomposable (as explained below), then the group obtained by adding sufficiently many finite number of relations is already indecomposable.
That finitely generated three manifold groups are finitely presented was proved in 1972 by Peter Scott (and independently by Peter Shalen, but unpublished). A key technical prposition involves decompositions of groups. The operation forming free groups from infinite cyclic groups generated by a,b,c etc above is called free product formation and the inverse operation 'a free product decomposition'. A group which cannot be decomposed into a free product is called 'indecomposable'. Any finitely generated group G can be written G=G1*G2*...*Gm*G(m+1)*...*G{m+n)where the last n factors are infinite cyclic and the first m factors are indecomposable but not infinite cyclic. The numbers m,n depend only on the group and the ordered pair (m+n,n) is called the complexity c(G) of the group G. A crucial technical proposition that Scott proves is:
Prposition Q: If there is a onto homomorphism from G to H which is one-to-one on the indecomposable factors of G other than the infinite cyclic ones, then c(G) is bigger than or equal to c(H) and equality holds if and only if the map is an isomorphiam (which means G,H are indistinguishable and are the same except in name. A homomorphism is a map which preserves the operations).
Somehow, this was not enough to prove Proposition P which is the natural approach to the original 3-manifold question and some more hard work and trickery was needed. Then after nearly 30 years, I met Thomas Delzant in a conference, and he told me during a lecture I could not follow that Proposition P was true. What all one had to do was to extend the notion of complexity to an onto homomorphism between groups, rather than just for a group.
A similar thing with respect to Johannson's theorem. In 1972, I found a simple proof by reducing it a group problem and showing that a certain group was trivial. There was an obvious relative version which was also useful but I could not prove. Again after 30 years, a colloborator (by some coincidence Peter Scott) insisted that I prove it and it turned out to be equivalent to saying that a cetain homomrphism of groups was trivial (every thing maps to zero).
Looking at both the problems, the crucial change seems to be that instead of looking at an object by itself, one had to look at a relation ( in these cases natural maps which are special cases of relations) between objects. Put this way, it seems to be a platitude but it did not occur to me for nearly 30 years.
It seems that I may have to keep doing mathematics until a copy of Bernard Cohn is available.

Coment

by somebody about somebody whose posts and articles were puzzling to me:
"C is a master of the vague platitude"

Some food related articles

Jo sends this from UK Rich countries once used gunboats to seize food. Now they use trade deals.
From SciDev.net Capitalism could counter its impact on obesity, a response to Obesity researchers must understand how capitalism works. Solution seems to be probiotics, like yogurt.
Andrew Leonard links to interesting articles on soil management in Peak Dirt, the 'terra petra' mentioned there seems similar to 'pati matti' in Andhra.

"Western leaders blew the chance for peace"

says Paul Keating in this Age report:
"Western leaders had failed to grasp a potential "new era of peace and co-operation" created by the end of the Soviet Union in 1990, and failed to find a place for Russia in the global "strategic fabric".

"(Former US president) George H. Bush talked about a New World Order, then lost to Bill Clinton. And what happened then? Well, nothing happened then! The Americans cried victory and walked off the field."

The Clinton administration "rashly decided to ring-fence Russia" by inviting former Soviet-dominated states to join NATO. "By doing so, the US failed to learn one of the lessons of history - that the victor should be magnanimous with the vanquished," he said.

As a result, NATO states now were on the borders of Russia, which kept its nuclear arsenal on full alert. "This posture automatically carries with it the possibility of a Russian nuclear attack by mistake," Mr Keating said.

Russia had allowed its nuclear surveillance and early warning systems to "ossify". To compensate, it kept its nuclear arsenal on full alert."

Transcript of the full speach from Melbourne Writers Festival here.

Lant Pritchett's book

Let Their People Come: Breaking the Gridlock on Global Labor Mobility is still available online from Centre for Global Development site. From the blurb:
"In an increasingly liberalized and integrated global economy, with more open capital and goods and services markets, the highly restricted and heavily regulated markets for global labor are an oddity. In this controversial book, CGD non-resident fellow Lant Pritchett examines the potentials and perils of greater cross-border mobility of unskilled labor -- within poor world regions and between poor and rich countries. Pritchett argues that irresistible demographic forces for greater international labor mobility are being checked by immovable anti-immigration ideas of rich-country citizens. He highlights the difficult political and ethical issues that the movement of people across national borders presents to the current system and proposes breaking the gridlock through policies that support development while also being politically acceptable in rich countries. These include greater use of temporary worker permits, permit rationing, reliance on bilateral rather than multilateral agreements, and protection of migrants' fundamental human rights. Pritchett's discussion of ways to break the deadlock is a provocative contribution to the growing debate on one of the most important and difficult issues of the 21st century."
Lant Pritchett spent three years in India and one of the authors of 2006 World Bank report "Inclusive Growth and Service Delivery: Building on India's Success" is available here .
I found his recent paper "Is India a Flailing State? Detours on the Four Lane Highway to Modernization" very interesting; this paper and many of his other papers are available from his site .

Science miscellany

From Farms in Brazil and India must adapt or roast in heat:
"For a temperature increase of 3.5% from late 20th-century averages, the model predicts that India will lose between 7 and 17% of its income from farming.
Studies that focus on the biological relationship between weather and crop yield instead of the economic connection between weather and farming revenue, on the other hand, predict a 30 to 40% loss of yield.
Survival tactics
"Our forecast is lower, but I think it's also more realistic," says Mendelsohn. "By studying how well farmers do financially, we take adaptation into account. The income from farming will depend not only on the direct effect of the weather on the crops and livestock but also on whatever the farmers do to cope with this," he says.
Brazil is predicted to lose 10 to 30% of its farming income under the same scenario. The difference between the countries is most likely due to India's agriculture being less sensitive to climate-dependent changes in rainfall because agriculture there relies more heavily on irrigation, argue the researchers.
However according to the World Bank, farming makes up a whopping 23% of Indian GDP as opposed to only 6% of Brazilian GDP, so the country as a whole may be hit harder by a more modest loss in income from agriculture."
FromWorld's farmers turn to raw sewage for irrigation:
"Half of urban fields are irrigated with sewage, suggesting that a tenth of the world’s food is already grown this way. IWMI’s director Colin Chartres warned this week: “This figure is bound to increase as growing cities coincide with escalating food shortages to create a squeeze on agricultural water supply.”
Theoretically, irrigating food crops with untreated wastewater is banned in many countries, one reason why there is virtually no research on the practice. But “while it may be theoretically forbidden, it is unofficially tolerated”, says the report’s authors, who found that city authorities in Faisalabad in Pakistan auction untreated sewage to farmers during droughts."

From Remembrance of viruses past:
"Nearly a century after the 1918 influenza pandemic claimed 50 million lives, survivors continue to produce powerful antibodies against the virus, researchers have found......The results suggest that the antibodies could be used therapeutically should an outbreak of a similar virus occur. What’s more, one of the antibodies reacted not only with the 1918 flu strain, but with several other strains as well. "It’s probably binding to something that’s really important for the flu virus – possibly so important that the virus can’t change it to avoid immunity," says immunologist Patrick Wilson of the University of Chicago. "As a target for drug development, that would be ideal.""

From More Women at the Top:
"Few programs address the leaks as women progress at midcareer level and beyond. One is the Hedwig van Ameringen Executive Leadership in Academic Medicine (ELAM) Program for Women, within the Institute for Women's Health and Leadership at Drexel University College of Medicine. When ELAM welcomed its first class in 1995, it was a trailblazer and is now viewed by many as a virtual prerequisite for women aspiring to high-level leadership positions in academic health centers.
In addition to the widespread belief that participation in the ELAM program is highly beneficial to a woman's career, there is a growing body of evidence to demonstrate that ELAM works at the institutional level as well.
First, there are the statistics. ELAM alumnae currently represent nearly 30% of the female deans of schools of medicine, dentistry, and public health in the United States and Canada. About 25% of ELAM graduates hold a variety of high-level positions in university administration, industry, foundations, and organizations. Additionally, from its inception ELAM has emphasized rigorous research and impact evaluation. In a longitudinal study, ELAM graduates were compared with a matched cohort of women from the Association of American Medical Colleges' Faculty Roster and with a group of women who applied but were not accepted into the AAMC program. ELAM graduates scored higher on 15 of 16 leadership indicators than did the women in the other two groups; for 12 of the 15 indicators, the difference was significant."

From A New State of Mind:
"New research is linking dopamine to complex social phenomena and changing neuroscience in the process." As usual, an excellent article by Jonah Lehrer.
See also the same issue of Seed for the portraits five young researchers crossing disciplinary boundariesRevolutionary Minds. And Handle With Care on possible dangerous technologies.

Ajay Shaw on Inequality

In Inequality , Ajay Shaw discusses unequality and links to some interesting articles, one of which is Does Inequality Matter? by Michael Warton. One of the questions considered is whether income inequality leads to inequality in opprtunity and as far as I can see, the articles are inconclusive. In Rising Inequality Hinders Upward Mobility, Lane Kenworthy considers the possibilty in US of the effect of income inequality on social mobility. The article by Anirudh Kriskna and Eric Heglund mentioned in the previous post Effectively Participating Population feel that their results have important implications for social mobility: "These results have important consequences for social mobility in general. In fact, a case can be made for promoting mobility as the wider objective, with poverty reduction being subsumed as a component part."

Effectively Participating Population

India's lack of success in Olympics is discussed in various places: Rediff, Chrumuri and Marginal revolution. Marginal Revolution links to an interesting article by Anirudh Krishna and Eric Haglund which is discussed in An Academic View of India. For me, this article is more interesting than olympics and it may form a basis for further study in different areas of development. Excerpts from the article:
"Not only for Olympics, but also in regard to Nobel Prizes, mathematical and scientific excellence, winning patents, etc, enlarging the pool of effective participants can be importantly applied. In this analysis, we consider two separate arenas, one related to sports and the other to social mobility. In both cases, we examine the plausibility of an explanation based on effective participation rates. Since the numbers of effective participants are not readily available – this concept, like some other valuable ones, such as democracy, social capital and human well-being is not easy to pin down in terms of a precise metric – we rely in our analysis on two sets of surrogate evidence.
....
The macro as well as the micro part of the analysis show that public information matters a great deal....But we find that public information still has an important effect. Enhancing public information will deepen and widen the pool of effective participants, enabling individuals to find positions more commensurate with their abilities, and simultaneously enabling countries to ratchet up their performance in
diverse arenas.
....
The Olympic Games, while important enough in and of themselves, also served here as a useful metaphor, a starting point for an analysis concerning other and more pressing livelihood concerns. Thus, we view success in the Olympics as an indicator more broadly of the provision of opportunity to a country’s populations. Countries which enable a higher fraction of potential athletes to achieve the ultimate success of winning an Olympic medal are likely to be similarly successful in developing and fostering talent in other areas. Where the fraction of effective contestants for positions in national sports teams is very low, the prospects of social mobility generally are also likely to be disappointing.
....
Advancing information and enabling access are as much a critical part of raising Olympic achievement as they are of enhancing development success and other achievements. In general, information and access are crucial for effective participation. Where more people are able to participate more effectively – in the economy, in competitive sports, in public decision-making, and in other walks of life – the country will grow faster and more citizens will benefit."
P.S. There is a lot of emphasis on access to information in the article. Access to information may not mean access to opportunities. My son-in-law is an Anglo-Indian who lived in several places in India until the age of 16-17. He was a keen swimmer those days and was never selected even to represent a club after winning the local events. In the very first year of his arrival in Australia he was selected for olympic trials but his swimming career was unfortunately cut short due to an accident.

Links to water purification methods

in Videos: Creativity in facing the water crisisfrom globalvoices; see also the comments.

Some links to Grothendieck.

A recent article Who is Alexander Grothendieck? by Winfried Scharlau fills in the work of Grothendieck in poltics, religion and mysticism since the 70's. There is a spate of articles about Grothendieck since he turned 80 this year.
From the very readable 2004 articles by Allyn Jackson"Comme Appelé du Néant: As If Summoned from the Void: The Life of Alexandre Grothendieck":
"The work of Alexandre Grothendieck has had a profound impact on modern mathematics and, more broadly, ranks among the most important advances in human knowledge during the twentieth century. The stature of Grothendieck can be compared to that of, for example, Albert Einstein. Each of them opened revolutionary new perspectives that transformed the terrain of exploration, and each sought fundamental, unifying connections among phenomena.”

Changing balance?

Brad Setser in The changing balance of global financial power:
"To me, one of the world’s greatest ironies is that US dependence on authoritarian governments for financing has soared over the last four year. US rhetoric hasn’t matched financial reality.

Though I guess it is equally ironic that Russian purchases of Treasuries over the past few months have helped to finance the current US aid mission to Georgia."
Interesting comments too.

Recent articles on D.D.Kosambi

in EPW are uploaded in arvindguptatoys under the English Books section. Links to DDK's books and the above articles are towards the bottom of the section under 'Books by D.D. Kosambi'. There is also a link to the first few sections of 'Combined Methods in Indology and other Writings' edited by Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya, including the excellent introduction by the editor.

A blog on dalit history and problems

by a an Andhra researcher and lecturer Untouchable Spring .... అంటరాని వసంతం . The latest post is on Tsundur.

A Narla Venkateswara Rao website

here. Outstanding journalist, editor and writer. I still carry some of his writings like 'Kottagadda', a collection of plays about farmers.

Thoughts for a rainy day

From Is There Anything Good About Men?:
"...culture relies on men to create the large social structures that comprise it. Our society is made up of institutions such as universities, governments, corporations. Most of these were founded and built up by men. Again, this probably had less to do with women being oppressed or whatever and more to do with men being motivated to form large networks of shallow relationships. Men are much more interested than women in forming large groups and working in them and rising to the top in them."
This article caused considerable discussion in the blogs last year which continue. Some of the links are in the article Male Bias or Female Choice?.
In another article The Lowdown on High Self-Esteem Roy Baumeister says:
"After all these years, I’m sorry to say, my recommendation is this: Forget about self-esteem and concentrate more on self-control and self-discipline."
Here is a site for some downloadable research articles by Roy Baumeister and colleagues.

Arvind Subramanian on possible reforms

in a Voxeu article says:
"But the desirable (tackling inflation) is probably infeasible. And the feasible (financial sector reforms) is not ambitious enough for the current circumstances and risks squandering, yet again, the Prime Minister’s political capital.
There is, however, an alternative, ambitious possibility. Economic and political decentralisation, combined with the rise of coalition politics, have sharply reduced the central government’s domain of economic influence.
But the one area where it retains influence – or rather strangling control with disastrous economic consequences – is higher education. This last bastion of the licence-quota-permit raj is crying out for reform.
There is political, administrative and regulatory interference on virtually every aspect of higher education:

* admissions policies,
* internal organisation,
* fees and salaries, and
* the structure of courses and funding.

In higher education, deregulation, liberalisation, and globalisation are the way forward.
There may well be a continuing role for state provision, and especially state funding, of higher education, but a much greater role and freedom for the private sector are both desirable and unavoidable."
Devesh Kapur and Pratp Bhanu Mehta in 'Mortgaging the future? Indian education reforms', an article quoted in the above paper, paint a very bleak picture of Indian education:
"Despite impressive reforms elsewhere, Indian higher education sector remains the most tightly controlled and least reformed sector. Deep ideological and vested interests have made reform in India’s Higher Education sector all but impossible."
The reason for Arvind Subramanian's optimism seems to be the recent political victory of Manmohan Singh.

Rahul Banerjee's book

Recovering the Lost Tongue is now out. More information in A Reader's Words.

System of Rice Intensification

videos from World Bank . More updates at the Cornell SRI site. Some of the efforts in Andhra Pradesh can be found by google under Dr. Alapati Satyanarayana. An earlier post on the same topic here.
P.S. Some of the peer reviewed papers that I have seen contradict each other and there are two comments from actual practioners in Entertaining Research..

A Kalleda girl is going to Beijing

Story in Outlook of Pranitha selected for Beijing Olympics: Taut As A Bow String .
Glenn Davis Stone write up on Kalleda Rural School where she studied.
Some pictures of Kalleda in the image section ofGlenn Davis Stone website

An online library

with a section India-history-20th century from u.penn. It has special sections :A Celebration of Women Writers -- Banned Books Online -- Prize Winners Online. I found it while looking for an online version of Eaton, Richard M.: The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 .

Baobab tree in India

EU approved the extract of the baobab fruit as an ingredient in foods in the European marketand Malapati Raja Sekhar of Rural Development of India Blog thinks that "Rajasthan or Indian government can promote this fruit as food security for our nation".
Clicking on Baobab (on the appropriate picture) on the left, gives the Indian names:
"Common name: Baobab • Hindi: Gorakh imli गोरख इमली • Marathi: Gorakh chinch गोरख चिंच • Gujarati: Bukha • Telugu: Brahmaaamlika • Bengali: Gadhagachh • Tamil: Papparappuli பப்பரப்புளி • Sanskrit: Sarpadandi
Botanical name: Adansonia digitata Family: Bombacaceae (baobab family)"
Though this video says that it is almost extinct in India, they seem to grow in several places in India including these wonderful specimens in Savanur. Some more information about Baobab here and here.

"Comin Thro' the Rye"

Animation in Scots brogue. The lyrics on the right (click 'more information') also include later additions by Burns. Some of these additional lines are in the Ava Gardner's version in Mogambo.